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Introduction: Ayurveda places Agni (digestive and metabolic fire) at the core of health and disease. It governs digestion, assimilation, transformation of food into Rasa and subsequent Dhatus, and is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis. Disturbances in Agni are linked to Ama formation and chronic disease pathogenesis. Despite its ancient origin, the concept has modern relevance in metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, AYUSH Research Portal, and classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya). Inclusion criteria: original research, reviews, clinical trials, and conceptual papers (2000–2024). Exclusion criteria: non-peer-reviewed material and studies lacking conceptual or clinical relevance. Results: Classical literature categorizes Agni into 13 types—Jatharagni, Bhutagni, and Dhatvagni—each regulating different levels of metabolism. Modern evidence shows parallels between Agni and gastrointestinal enzymes, gut microbiota, mitochondrial activity, and metabolic pathways. Clinical studies suggest that impaired Agni correlates with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and inflammatory conditions. Panchakarma, Rasayana, and dietetic regimens aimed at Agni restoration demonstrate measurable improvements in metabolic biomarkers. Discussion: Ayurvedic and biomedical perspectives converge on the idea that metabolism is central to systemic health. However, gaps remain in directly mapping Agni to modern physiology. Future research should focus on molecular correlates, gut microbiota, and integrative clinical trials to validate Agni-based therapeutic strategies. Conclusion: The concept of Agni represents an enduring Ayurvedic framework that aligns with modern metabolic sciences. Understanding and restoring Agni offers a holistic and preventive approach to lifestyle and metabolic disorders.

KEYWORDS: Agni, Ayurveda, Digestion, Metabolism, Rasayana